1. Enamel Mineral Composition
What is the primary mineral component of enamel?
A: Hydroxyapatite
B: Fluorapatite
C: Calcium phosphate
D: Amorphous calcium phosphate
Answer: A: Hydroxyapatite
2. Enamel Formation Cells
Which cells are responsible for the formation of enamel?
A: Odontoblasts
B: Ameloblasts
C: Cementoblasts
D: Osteoblasts
Answer: B: Ameloblasts
3. Tomes' Process Role
What is the function of Tomes' process in enamel formation?
A: Secretion of enamel matrix proteins
B: Resorption of enamel
C: Formation of dentin
D: Regulation of mineralization
Answer: A: Secretion of enamel matrix proteins
4. Enamel Rod Orientation
In which direction do enamel rods extend?
A: Parallel to the DEJ
B: Perpendicular to the DEJ
C: Oblique to the DEJ
D: Circular around the DEJ
Answer: B: Perpendicular to the DEJ
5. Striae of Retzius
What do the striae of Retzius in enamel represent?
A: Daily incremental lines
B: Weekly incremental lines
C: Lines of mineral deposition
D: Lines of mineral resorption
Answer: B: Weekly incremental lines
6. Hunter-Schreger Bands
What causes Hunter-Schreger bands in enamel?
A: Variations in mineral content
B: Changes in enamel rod direction
C: Protein matrix arrangement
D: Hydroxyapatite crystal size
Answer: B: Changes in enamel rod direction
7. Enamel Tufts
What are enamel tufts?
A: Hypomineralized areas near the DEJ
B: Hypermineralized areas near the surface
C: Ameloblast cell remnants
D: Organic matrix inclusions
Answer: A: Hypomineralized areas near the DEJ
8. Enamel Lamellae
What are enamel lamellae primarily composed of?
A: Hydroxyapatite crystals
B: Organic material
C: Fluorapatite crystals
D: Amelogenin proteins
Answer: B: Organic material
9. Role of Amelogenin
What is the role of amelogenin in enamel formation?
A: Inhibits crystal growth
B: Initiates enamel mineralization
C: Guides crystal elongation
D: Forms the enamel matrix
Answer: C: Guides crystal elongation
10. Enamel Permeability
Which characteristic of enamel contributes to its permeability?
A: Porosity of the rod sheaths
B: Arrangement of hydroxyapatite crystals
C: Presence of enamel tufts
D: Thickness of the enamel layer
Answer: A: Porosity of the rod sheaths
11. Primary Dentin Formation
Which cells are responsible for the formation of primary dentin?
A: Odontoblasts
B: Ameloblasts
C: Cementoblasts
D: Fibroblasts
Answer: A: Odontoblasts
12. Composition of Peritubular Dentin
What is the main characteristic of peritubular dentin compared to intertubular dentin?
A: Higher collagen content
B: Higher mineral content
C: Lower mineral content
D: More organic matrix
Answer: B: Higher mineral content
13. Types of Dentin
Which type of dentin is formed in response to caries or trauma?
A: Primary dentin
B: Secondary dentin
C: Tertiary dentin
D: Mantle dentin
Answer: C: Tertiary dentin
14. Sclerotic Dentin
What is sclerotic dentin?
A: Dentin with increased tubule density
B: Dentin with decreased mineralization
C: Dentin with occluded tubules
D: Dentin with increased organic content
Answer: C: Dentin with occluded tubules
15. Predentin Location
Where is predentin located in a developing tooth?
A: Between enamel and dentin
B: Between dentin and pulp
C: Throughout the entire dentin layer
D: Only in the root
Answer: B: Between dentin and pulp
16. Dentinal Tubule Structure
What is the primary content of dentinal tubules?
A: Blood vessels
B: Nerve fibers
C: Odontoblastic processes
D: Ameloblast processes
Answer: C: Odontoblastic processes
17. Interglobular Dentin
What is interglobular dentin?
A: Areas of unmineralized dentin
B: Areas of hypermineralized dentin
C: Areas with no tubules
D: Areas with increased collagen content
Answer: A: Areas of unmineralized dentin
18. Mantle Dentin Characteristics
Which statement about mantle dentin is correct?
A: It is the first dentin formed
B: It has a high mineral content
C: It is found only in the root
D: It is less mineralized than circumpulpal dentin
Answer: A: It is the first dentin formed
19. Incremental Lines of von Ebner
What do the incremental lines of von Ebner represent?
A: Daily growth lines in dentin
B: Weekly growth lines in enamel
C: Areas of increased mineralization
D: Areas of decreased mineralization
Answer: A: Daily growth lines in dentin
20. Transparent Dentin
What causes transparent dentin?
A: Increased organic content
B: Tubule occlusion by minerals
C: Reduced collagen content
D: Increased water content
Answer: B: Tubule occlusion by minerals
21. Cementum Composition
What is the primary inorganic component of cementum?
A: Hydroxyapatite
B: Fluorapatite
C: Calcium carbonate
D: Amorphous calcium phosphate
Answer: A: Hydroxyapatite
22. Types of Cementum
Which type of cementum contains cementocytes?
A: Acellular cementum
B: Cellular cementum
C: Both acellular and cellular cementum
D: Intermediate cementum
Answer: B: Cellular cementum
23. Cementum Formation Cells
Which cells are responsible for the formation of cementum?
A: Odontoblasts
B: Ameloblasts
C: Cementoblasts
D: Osteoblasts
Answer: C: Cementoblasts
24. Cementum Thickness
Where is cementum typically the thickest?
A: At the cementoenamel junction
B: In the middle third of the root
C: At the root apex
D: At the crown
Answer: C: At the root apex
25. Sharpey's Fibers
What is the function of Sharpey's fibers in cementum?
A: They provide vascular supply
B: They anchor the tooth to the alveolar bone
C: They form the outer layer of cementum
D: They are responsible for mineralization
Answer: B: They anchor the tooth to the alveolar bone
26. Cementum Resorption
Which condition commonly leads to cementum resorption?
A: Tooth eruption
B: Orthodontic movement
C: Caries progression
D: Dentinogenesis
Answer: B: Orthodontic movement
27. Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ) Variations
Which of the following is a common variation at the CEJ?
A: Cementum overlapping enamel
B: Cementum and enamel meeting edge-to-edge
C: Gap between cementum and enamel
D: All of the above
Answer: D: All of the above
28. Cementum Repair
What cells are involved in the repair of cementum?
A: Cementoblasts
B: Odontoclasts
C: Osteoclasts
D: Ameloblasts
Answer: A: Cementoblasts
29. Cementum Deposition
When does cementum deposition primarily occur?
A: During tooth development
B: Throughout life, especially in response to stress
C: Only after tooth eruption
D: Only during periods of rapid growth
Answer: B: Throughout life, especially in response to stress
30. Cementum's Role in Periodontitis
How is cementum affected in advanced periodontitis?
A: It thickens significantly
B: It becomes resorbed or altered
C: It remains unaffected
D: It forms new layers rapidly
Answer: B: It becomes resorbed or altered
31. Pulp Cells
Which type of cells are primarily responsible for the formation of dentin in the pulp?
A: Fibroblasts
B: Odontoblasts
C: Cementoblasts
D: Ameloblasts
Answer: B: Odontoblasts
32. Zones of the Pulp
Which zone of the pulp is immediately adjacent to the dentin?
A: Pulp core
B: Cell-rich zone
C: Odontoblastic layer
D: Cell-free zone
Answer: C: Odontoblastic layer
33. Pulp Innervation
What type of nerve fibers predominantly innervate the pulp?
A: A-beta fibers
B: A-delta fibers
C: C fibers
D: Both B and C
Answer: D: Both B and C
34. Pulpal Blood Supply
Which artery supplies blood to the pulp?
A: Inferior alveolar artery
B: Superior alveolar artery
C: Both A and B
D: Lingual artery
Answer: C: Both A and B
35. Function of Pulp Fibroblasts
What is the primary function of fibroblasts in the pulp?
A: Dentin formation
B: Collagen synthesis
C: Immune response
D: Mineralization
Answer: B: Collagen synthesis
36. Pulp Stones
What are pulp stones?
A: Deposits of calcium phosphate
B: Deposits of hydroxyapatite
C: Calcified masses within the pulp
D: Degenerating nerve fibers
Answer: C: Calcified masses within the pulp
37. Role of Immune Cells in the Pulp
Which immune cells are commonly found in the dental pulp?
A: Macrophages
B: Neutrophils
C: Lymphocytes
D: All of the above
Answer: D: All of the above
38. Age-related Changes in Pulp
What is a common change in the pulp as a person ages?
A: Increase in cellularity
B: Increase in vascularity
C: Decrease in size
D: Increase in nerve fibers
Answer: C: Decrease in size
39. Sensory Function of Pulp
Which sensation is primarily detected by the nerve fibers in the pulp?
A: Pressure
B: Temperature
C: Pain
D: Vibration
Answer: C: Pain
40. Pulpal Inflammation
What is a common cause of pulpal inflammation?
A: Dental caries
B: Tooth eruption
C: Orthodontic movement
D: Salivary gland infection
Answer: A: Dental caries
41. Principal Fibers of PDL
Which fibers are the most abundant in the periodontal ligament (PDL)?
A: Sharpey's fibers
B: Oxytalan fibers
C: Principal fibers
D: Reticular fibers
Answer: C: Principal fibers
42. PDL Blood Supply
Which artery primarily supplies blood to the PDL?
A: Inferior alveolar artery
B: Superior alveolar artery
C: Both A and B
D: Lingual artery
Answer: C: Both A and B
43. PDL Innervation
What type of nerve fibers are found in the PDL?
A: A-beta fibers
B: A-delta fibers
C: C fibers
D: Both B and C
Answer: D: Both B and C
44. PDL Functions
Which of the following is a function of the PDL?
A: Tooth support
B: Shock absorption
C: Sensory perception
D: All of the above
Answer: D: All of the above
45. Cell Types in PDL
Which cells are involved in the remodeling of the PDL?
A: Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
B: Fibroblasts and cementoblasts
C: All of the above
D: None of the above
Answer: C: All of the above
46. Periodontal Fiber Groups
Which fiber group resists horizontal movement of the tooth?
A: Oblique fibers
B: Horizontal fibers
C: Apical fibers
D: Interradicular fibers
Answer: B: Horizontal fibers
47. PDL Width Variation
How does the width of the PDL change with age?
A: Increases
B: Decreases
C: Remains the same
D: Varies depending on tooth location
Answer: B: Decreases
48. Alveolar Bone and PDL
What is the relationship between the alveolar bone and the PDL?
A: The PDL anchors the tooth to the alveolar bone
B: The PDL separates the tooth from the alveolar bone
C: The PDL resorbs the alveolar bone
D: The PDL is not connected to the alveolar bone
Answer: A: The PDL anchors the tooth to the alveolar bone
49. Role of Cementicles in PDL
What are cementicles in the PDL?
A: Calcified bodies
B: Remnants of cementoblasts
C: Degenerating nerve fibers
D: Areas of increased collagen
Answer: A: Calcified bodies
50. Response of PDL to Orthodontic Force
How does the PDL respond to orthodontic force?
A: Resorbs on the pressure side and forms bone on the tension side
B: Forms bone on the pressure side and resorbs on the tension side
C: Remains unaffected
D: Becomes completely calcified
Answer: A: Resorbs on the pressure side and forms bone on the tension side
51. Primary Composition of Alveolar Bone
What is the primary inorganic component of alveolar bone?
A: Hydroxyapatite
B: Calcium carbonate
C: Fluorapatite
D: Magnesium sulfate
Answer: A: Hydroxyapatite
52. Function of Osteoclasts
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in alveolar bone?
A: Bone formation
B: Bone resorption
C: Mineralization
D: Collagen synthesis
Answer: B: Bone resorption
53. Remodeling Cycle
Which phase of the bone remodeling cycle involves the recruitment of osteoblasts?
A: Resorption
B: Formation
C: Activation
D: Quiescence
Answer: B: Formation
54. Cellular Origin of Osteoblasts
From which cells do osteoblasts originate?
A: Mesenchymal stem cells
B: Hematopoietic stem cells
C: Epithelial cells
D: Endothelial cells
Answer: A: Mesenchymal stem cells
55. Role of RANKL in Bone Remodeling
What role does RANKL play in bone remodeling?
A: Stimulates osteoblast differentiation
B: Inhibits osteoclast activity
C: Promotes osteoclast formation
D: Enhances bone mineralization
Answer: C: Promotes osteoclast formation
56. Structure of Alveolar Bone
Which type of bone primarily composes the alveolar process?
A: Cortical bone
B: Trabecular bone
C: Woven bone
D: Lamellar bone
Answer: B: Trabecular bone
57. Significance of Sharpey's Fibers
What is the significance of Sharpey’s fibers in alveolar bone?
A: They provide blood supply to the bone
B: They anchor periosteum to bone
C: They transmit sensory signals
D: They serve as a mineral reservoir
Answer: B: They anchor periosteum to bone
58. Alveolar Bone Loss in Periodontal Disease
Which process primarily leads to alveolar bone loss in periodontal disease?
A: Increased osteoblast activity
B: Increased osteoclast activity
C: Reduced blood flow
D: Enhanced collagen deposition
Answer: B: Increased osteoclast activity
59. Vascular Supply
Which artery is primarily responsible for the vascular supply of the alveolar bone?
A: Inferior alveolar artery
B: Facial artery
C: Maxillary artery
D: Lingual artery
Answer: A: Inferior alveolar artery
60. Bone Turnover Markers
Which of the following is a marker for bone formation?
A: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)
B: Alkaline phosphatase
C: C-terminal telopeptide (CTX)
D: Osteocalcin
Answer: B: Alkaline phosphatase
61. Classification of Oral Mucosa
Which type of oral mucosa covers the hard palate and gingiva?
A: Lining mucosa
B: Specialized mucosa
C: Masticatory mucosa
D: Transitional mucosa
Answer: C: Masticatory mucosa
62. Histological Layers
Which histological layer is absent in the lining mucosa but present in masticatory mucosa?
A: Stratum corneum
B: Stratum granulosum
C: Lamina propria
D: Submucosa
Answer: B: Stratum granulosum
63. Keratinization
What is the primary difference between keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelium?
A: Presence of stratum lucidum
B: Presence of keratohyalin granules
C: Absence of melanocytes
D: Absence of desmosomes
Answer: B: Presence of keratohyalin granules
64. Cell Types
Which cell type is primarily responsible for the pigmentation of the oral mucosa?
A: Keratinocytes
B: Melanocytes
C: Langerhans cells
D: Merkel cells
Answer: B: Melanocytes
65. Mucogingival Junction
What distinguishes the mucogingival junction histologically?
A: Transition from non-keratinized to keratinized epithelium
B: Presence of submucosal glands
C: Increased number of Langerhans cells
D: Presence of hair follicles
Answer: A: Transition from non-keratinized to keratinized epithelium
66. Lining Mucosa Characteristics
Which feature is characteristic of the lining mucosa?
A: Thick stratum corneum
B: Thin lamina propria
C: High elasticity and flexibility
D: Presence of taste buds
Answer: C: High elasticity and flexibility
67. Basement Membrane Components
Which protein is a major component of the basement membrane in oral mucosa?
A: Collagen type I
B: Collagen type III
C: Collagen type IV
D: Elastin
Answer: C: Collagen type IV
68. Specialized Mucosa Location
Where is the specialized mucosa primarily located?
A: Buccal mucosa
B: Dorsum of the tongue
C: Hard palate
D: Gingiva
Answer: B: Dorsum of the tongue
69. Function of Lamina Propria
What is the primary function of the lamina propria in the oral mucosa?
A: Provides a barrier to pathogens
B: Supplies blood and nutrients to the epithelium
C: Produces keratin
D: Generates mucus
Answer: B: Supplies blood and nutrients to the epithelium
70. Salivary Glands in Oral Mucosa
Which type of salivary gland is primarily associated with the lining mucosa?
A: Parotid glands
B: Submandibular glands
C: Sublingual glands
D: Minor salivary glands
Answer: D: Minor salivary glands
71. Primary Cells in Gingival Epithelium
What is the predominant cell type in the gingival epithelium?
A: Keratinocytes
B: Fibroblasts
C: Melanocytes
D: Langerhans cells
Answer: A: Keratinocytes
72. Gingival Connective Tissue
Which component is most abundant in the gingival connective tissue (lamina propria)?
A: Collagen fibers
B: Elastic fibers
C: Reticular fibers
D: Ground substance
Answer: A: Collagen fibers
73. Junctional Epithelium
What is a key characteristic of the junctional epithelium?
A: High rate of cell turnover
B: Presence of melanin granules
C: Thick keratinized layer
D: Absence of desmosomes
Answer: A: High rate of cell turnover
74. Cellular Composition of Gingiva
Which cell type is responsible for producing collagen in the gingiva?
A: Osteoblasts
B: Fibroblasts
C: Keratinocytes
D: Macrophages
Answer: B: Fibroblasts
75. Gingival Sulcus
What is the normal depth of the gingival sulcus in a healthy periodontium?
A: 0.5 - 1 mm
B: 1 - 3 mm
C: 3 - 5 mm
D: 5 - 7 mm
Answer: B: 1 - 3 mm
76. Blood Supply to Gingiva
Which artery primarily supplies blood to the gingiva?
A: Facial artery
B: Inferior alveolar artery
C: Maxillary artery
D: Lingual artery
Answer: C: Maxillary artery
77. Gingival Crevicular Fluid
What is the significance of gingival crevicular fluid?
A: It provides lubrication
B: It contains immune cells and antibodies
C: It hardens the gingival tissue
D: It contains digestive enzymes
Answer: B: It contains immune cells and antibodies
78. Function of Gingival Fibers
What is the primary function of gingival fibers?
A: Support the teeth and gingiva
B: Produce collagen
C: Secrete mucus
D: Transport nutrients
Answer: A: Support the teeth and gingiva
79. Interdental Papilla
What is the function of the interdental papilla?
A: Protect the gingival sulcus
B: Prevent food impaction
C: Provide sensory input
D: Secrete saliva
Answer: B: Prevent food impaction
80. Gingival Recession
Which of the following is a common cause of gingival recession?
A: Excessive brushing
B: High sugar diet
C: Use of mouthwash
D: Increased saliva production
Answer: A: Excessive brushing
81. Types of Papillae
Which type of papillae on the tongue lacks taste buds?
A: Filiform papillae
B: Fungiform papillae
C: Circumvallate papillae
D: Foliate papillae
Answer: A: Filiform papillae
82. Location of Circumvallate Papillae
Where are the circumvallate papillae located on the tongue?
A: Tip
B: Lateral sides
C: Dorsal surface, anterior to the sulcus terminalis
D: Underside
Answer: C: Dorsal surface, anterior to the sulcus terminalis
83. Function of Taste Buds
What is the primary function of taste buds?
A: Mechanical digestion
B: Sensory perception of taste
C: Production of saliva
D: Protection of the tongue surface
Answer: B: Sensory perception of taste
84. Cell Types in Taste Buds
Which cell type in taste buds acts as a receptor for taste stimuli?
A: Basal cells
B: Gustatory cells
C: Supporting cells
D: Keratinocytes
Answer: B: Gustatory cells
85. Innervation of Taste Buds
Which cranial nerve is primarily responsible for taste sensation in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
A: Vagus nerve (CN X)
B: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
C: Facial nerve (CN VII)
D: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Answer: C: Facial nerve (CN VII)
86. Histological Feature of Foliate Papillae
What distinguishes foliate papillae histologically?
A: Presence of serous glands
B: Absence of taste buds
C: Keratinized surface
D: Deeply set in grooves
Answer: D: Deeply set in grooves
87. Taste Transduction Mechanism
Which mechanism is involved in the transduction of bitter taste?
A: Ion channel activation
B: G-protein-coupled receptor activation
C: Direct ion influx
D: Enzyme-linked receptor activation
Answer: B: G-protein-coupled receptor activation
88. Regeneration of Taste Buds
What is the approximate turnover time for taste bud cells?
A: 5-7 days
B: 10-14 days
C: 20-30 days
D: 1 month
Answer: B: 10-14 days
89. Histological Structure of Fungiform Papillae
What is a characteristic histological feature of fungiform papillae?
A: Mushroom-shaped with taste buds on the surface
B: Filamentous with no taste buds
C: Surrounded by a trench with taste buds
D: Leaf-like with deep grooves
Answer: A: Mushroom-shaped with taste buds on the surface
90. Role of Basal Cells in Taste Buds
What is the role of basal cells in taste buds?
A: Supporting the structure of taste buds
B: Sensory reception of taste
C: Regeneration of gustatory cells
D: Secretion of saliva
Answer: C: Regeneration of gustatory cells
91. Types of Salivary Glands
Which salivary gland produces a serous secretion rich in amylase?
A: Parotid gland
B: Submandibular gland
C: Sublingual gland
D: Minor salivary glands
Answer: A: Parotid gland
92. Histological Feature of Submandibular Gland
What is the primary histological feature of the submandibular gland?
A: Predominantly mucous acini
B: Predominantly serous acini
C: Mixed acini with serous demilunes
D: Presence of striated ducts
Answer: C: Mixed acini with serous demilunes
93. Function of Myoepithelial Cells
What is the function of myoepithelial cells in salivary glands?
A: Secretion of saliva
B: Protection from pathogens
C: Contraction to expel saliva
D: Absorption of nutrients
Answer: C: Contraction to expel saliva
94. Role of Striated Ducts
What is the primary role of striated ducts in salivary glands?
A: Storage of saliva
B: Modification of saliva composition
C: Production of digestive enzymes
D: Filtration of blood
Answer: B: Modification of saliva composition
95. Composition of Saliva
Which component of saliva is primarily responsible for its buffering capacity?
A: Amylase
B: Lysozyme
C: Bicarbonate ions
D: Mucins
Answer: C: Bicarbonate ions
96. Innervation of Salivary Glands
Which autonomic nervous system division primarily stimulates salivary secretion?
A: Sympathetic nervous system
B: Parasympathetic nervous system
C: Somatic nervous system
D: Central nervous system
Answer: B: Parasympathetic nervous system
97. Histological Structure of Parotid Gland
What distinguishes the histological structure of the parotid gland?
A: Presence of mixed acini
B: Predominance of mucous acini
C: Predominance of serous acini
D: Absence of ducts
Answer: C: Predominance of serous acini
98. Function of Lysozyme in Saliva
What is the function of lysozyme in saliva?
A: Digesting starches
B: Breaking down bacterial cell walls
C: Buffering pH
D: Lubricating the oral cavity
Answer: B: Breaking down bacterial cell walls
99. Histological Feature of Sublingual Gland
Which histological feature is characteristic of the sublingual gland?
A: Predominantly serous acini
B: Mixed acini with serous demilunes
C: Predominantly mucous acini
D: Presence of numerous striated ducts
Answer: C: Predominantly mucous acini
100. Regulation of Salivary Secretion
Which hormone can influence the composition of saliva?
A: Insulin
B: Aldosterone
C: Thyroxine
D: Growth hormone
Answer: B: Aldosterone
101. Initiation Stage
During which stage of tooth development does the dental lamina form?
A: Bud stage
B: Cap stage
C: Bell stage
D: Initiation stage
Answer: D: Initiation stage
102. Bell Stage Identification
In the bell stage, what structure differentiates to form enamel-producing cells?
A: Dental papilla
B: Inner enamel epithelium
C: Stellate reticulum
D: Outer enamel epithelium
Answer: B: Inner enamel epithelium
103. Role of Dental Papilla
What does the dental papilla give rise to in the developing tooth?
A: Enamel
B: Dentin and pulp
C: Cementum
D: Periodontal ligament
Answer: B: Dentin and pulp
104. Morphogenesis Phase
Which phase is primarily responsible for the shape of the tooth crown?
A: Initiation
B: Proliferation
C: Morphogenesis
D: Differentiation
Answer: C: Morphogenesis
105. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions
What critical interaction guides the development of the tooth germ?
A: Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions
B: Epithelial-epithelial interactions
C: Mesenchymal-mesenchymal interactions
D: Neural crest-mesenchymal interactions
Answer: A: Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions
106. Dental Sac Contribution
What does the dental sac (follicle) contribute to the developing tooth?
A: Enamel
B: Dentin
C: Cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone
D: Pulp
Answer: C: Cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone
107. Tooth Germ Formation
Which structures collectively form the tooth germ?
A: Dental papilla, dental lamina, dental sac
B: Enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac
C: Dental lamina, stellate reticulum, enamel organ
D: Inner enamel epithelium, outer enamel epithelium, dental papilla
Answer: B: Enamel organ, dental papilla, dental sac
108. Cap Stage Characteristic
What is a defining characteristic of the cap stage in tooth development?
A: Formation of the dental lamina
B: Appearance of the enamel knot
C: Differentiation of odontoblasts
D: Initiation of amelogenesis
Answer: B: Appearance of the enamel knot
109. Bell Stage Process
During the bell stage, what important event occurs in the inner enamel epithelium?
A: Cells become cuboidal
B: Cells begin to secrete enamel
C: Cells differentiate into ameloblasts
D: Cells form the stratum intermedium
Answer: C: Cells differentiate into ameloblasts
110. Secondary Dentin Formation
When does the formation of secondary dentin typically occur?
A: During the initiation stage
B: During the bell stage
C: Post-eruption as a response to stimuli
D: During the cap stage
Answer: C: Post-eruption as a response to stimuli
111. Layers of Oral Epithelium
Which layer of the oral epithelium is primarily responsible for cell proliferation?
A: Stratum corneum
B: Stratum granulosum
C: Stratum spinosum
D: Stratum basale
Answer: D: Stratum basale
112. Keratinization Process
In which layer of the oral epithelium does keratinization primarily occur?
A: Stratum basale
B: Stratum spinosum
C: Stratum granulosum
D: Stratum corneum
Answer: D: Stratum corneum
113. Cell Types in Oral Epithelium
Which cell type is most abundant in the oral epithelium?
A: Melanocytes
B: Langerhans cells
C: Merkel cells
D: Keratinocytes
Answer: D: Keratinocytes
114. Function of Langerhans Cells
What is the primary function of Langerhans cells in the oral epithelium?
A: Pigmentation
B: Sensation
C: Immune response
D: Structural support
Answer: C: Immune response
115. Non-Keratinized Epithelium
Which area of the oral cavity typically contains non-keratinized epithelium?
A: Hard palate
B: Gingiva
C: Dorsal tongue
D: Buccal mucosa
Answer: D: Buccal mucosa
116. Role of Merkel Cells
What is the primary role of Merkel cells in the oral epithelium?
A: Immune defense
B: Sensory perception
C: Pigmentation
D: Structural integrity
Answer: B: Sensory perception
117. Stratum Spinosum Characteristics
What is a characteristic feature of the stratum spinosum in the oral epithelium?
A: Presence of desmosomes
B: High mitotic activity
C: Thick keratin layer
D: Melanin granules
Answer: A: Presence of desmosomes
118. Basement Membrane Function
What is the function of the basement membrane in the oral epithelium?
A: Cell proliferation
B: Keratinization
C: Separation and support
D: Immune response
Answer: C: Separation and support
119. Histological Feature of Stratum Granulosum
Which histological feature is prominent in the stratum granulosum?
A: Keratohyalin granules
B: Melanin granules
C: Langerhans cells
D: Merkel cells
Answer: A: Keratohyalin granules
120. Epithelial Turnover Rate
What is the approximate turnover rate of the oral epithelium?
A: 5-10 days
B: 14-21 days
C: 30-40 days
D: 60-90 days
Answer: B: 14-21 days
121. Stages of Amelogenesis
Which stage of amelogenesis involves the secretion of enamel matrix proteins?
A: Pre-secretory stage
B: Secretory stage
C: Maturation stage
D: Post-maturation stage
Answer: B: Secretory stage
122. Role of Ameloblasts
What is the primary function of ameloblasts during amelogenesis?
A: Dentin formation
B: Enamel matrix secretion and mineralization
C: Cementum production
D: Pulp formation
Answer: B: Enamel matrix secretion and mineralization
123. Histological Feature of Tomes’ Process
What is Tomes’ process associated with in amelogenesis?
A: Mineral transport
B: Cellular attachment
C: Enamel rod formation
D: Collagen synthesis
Answer: C: Enamel rod formation
124. Proteins in Enamel Matrix
Which protein is predominantly found in the enamel matrix?
A: Collagen
B: Amelogenin
C: Elastin
D: Keratin
Answer: B: Amelogenin
125. Maturation Stage Activity
During the maturation stage of amelogenesis, what is the primary activity of ameloblasts?
A: Secretion of enamel matrix
B: Absorption of water and proteins, and influx of calcium and phosphate
C: Formation of Tomes’ process
D: Differentiation into odontoblasts
Answer: B: Absorption of water and proteins, and influx of calcium and phosphate
126. Ameloblast Life Cycle
In which phase do ameloblasts undergo apoptosis?
A: Pre-secretory phase
B: Secretory phase
C: Transition phase
D: Post-maturation phase
Answer: D: Post-maturation phase
127. Enamel Mineralization
Which ion is critical for enamel mineralization during amelogenesis?
A: Sodium
B: Potassium
C: Calcium
D: Magnesium
Answer: C: Calcium
128. Function of Enamelin
What is the function of enamelin in the enamel matrix?
A: Structural support
B: Regulation of mineralization
C: Initiation of amelogenesis
D: Degradation of enamel proteins
Answer: B: Regulation of mineralization
129. Histological Changes in Amelogenesis
Which histological change marks the transition from the secretory to the maturation stage?
A: Disappearance of Tomes’ process
B: Increase in protein synthesis
C: Formation of dentin
D: Increase in collagen deposition
Answer: A: Disappearance of Tomes’ process
130. Amelogenesis Imperfecta
What is amelogenesis imperfecta?
A: A genetic disorder affecting dentin formation
B: A developmental defect resulting in abnormal enamel formation
C: An acquired disease of the periodontal ligament
D: An infectious condition of the pulp
Answer: B: A developmental defect resulting in abnormal enamel formation
131. Initiation of Odontogenesis
Which signaling molecule is primarily involved in the initiation of odontogenesis?
A: BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein)
B: FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)
C: SHH (Sonic Hedgehog)
D: Wnt
Answer: C: SHH (Sonic Hedgehog)
132. Bud Stage Cellular Events
What is the main cellular event during the bud stage of odontogenesis?
A: Proliferation of dental lamina cells
B: Differentiation of ameloblasts
C: Secretion of enamel matrix
D: Apoptosis of dental follicle cells
Answer: A: Proliferation of dental lamina cells
133. Formation of the Dental Papilla
During which stage does the dental papilla begin to form?
A: Initiation stage
B: Bud stage
C: Cap stage
D: Bell stage
Answer: C: Cap stage
134. Significance of the Enamel Knot
What is the role of the enamel knot in tooth development?
A: Initiates dentin formation
B: Acts as a signaling center for cusp patterning
C: Differentiates into odontoblasts
D: Forms the periodontal ligament
Answer: B: Acts as a signaling center for cusp patterning
135. Odontoblast Differentiation
From which cells do odontoblasts differentiate?
A: Inner enamel epithelium cells
B: Dental papilla cells
C: Stellate reticulum cells
D: Outer enamel epithelium cells
Answer: B: Dental papilla cells
136. Reciprocal Induction
What is reciprocal induction in odontogenesis?
A: The mutual signaling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells to promote differentiation
B: The interaction between odontoblasts and ameloblasts to form dentin
C: The signaling between enamel knot and dental papilla
D: The communication between dental sac and dental lamina
Answer: A: The mutual signaling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells to promote differentiation
137. Predentin Formation
What is the first mineralized tissue formed during odontogenesis?
A: Enamel
B: Cementum
C: Predentin
D: Pulp
Answer: C: Predentin
138. Crown and Root Formation
Which structure is responsible for the formation of the tooth root?
A: Enamel organ
B: Dental papilla
C: Hertwig's epithelial root sheath
D: Dental follicle
Answer: C: Hertwig's epithelial root sheath
139. Signaling Pathways in Odontogenesis
Which signaling pathway is crucial for the formation of dental tissues during odontogenesis?
A: Notch signaling pathway
B: Wnt signaling pathway
C: Hedgehog signaling pathway
D: TGF-beta signaling pathway
Answer: C: Hedgehog signaling pathway
140. Histological Marker of Odontogenesis
What is a key histological marker for the onset of odontogenesis?
A: Formation of the dental lamina
B: Appearance of ameloblasts
C: Differentiation of odontoblasts
D: Formation of the dental follicle
Answer: A: Formation of the dental lamina
141. Enamel Thickness
What is a key histological difference in the enamel thickness between primary and permanent teeth?
A: Primary teeth have thicker enamel
B: Permanent teeth have thicker enamel
C: Both have the same enamel thickness
D: Enamel thickness varies widely in both
Answer: B: Permanent teeth have thicker enamel
142. Dentin Tubule Density
Which teeth have a higher density of dentin tubules?
A: Primary teeth
B: Permanent teeth
C: Both have the same density
D: It varies with age
Answer: A: Primary teeth
143. Crown Shape Differences
How does the crown shape of primary teeth compare to permanent teeth?
A: Primary teeth have more bulbous crowns
B: Permanent teeth have more bulbous crowns
C: Both have identical crown shapes
D: Crown shapes vary within each dentition
Answer: A: Primary teeth have more bulbous crowns
144. Pulp Chamber Size
How does the pulp chamber size differ between primary and permanent teeth?
A: Primary teeth have larger pulp chambers
B: Permanent teeth have larger pulp chambers
C: Both have the same pulp chamber size
D: Pulp chamber size is not significantly different
Answer: A: Primary teeth have larger pulp chambers
145. Root Resorption
Which teeth undergo root resorption?
A: Primary teeth
B: Permanent teeth
C: Both primary and permanent teeth
D: Neither
Answer: A: Primary teeth
146. Cementum Differences
How does the cementum in primary teeth differ from that in permanent teeth?
A: Primary teeth have more cellular cementum
B: Permanent teeth have more cellular cementum
C: Both have equal amounts of cellular cementum
D: Cementum structure is identical in both
Answer: B: Permanent teeth have more cellular cementum
147. Histological Staining Differences
How do primary and permanent teeth differ in histological staining?
A: Primary teeth stain more intensely
B: Permanent teeth stain more intensely
C: Both stain equally
D: Staining intensity varies based on the section
Answer: A: Primary teeth stain more intensely
148. Periodontal Ligament Width
Which teeth have a wider periodontal ligament space?
A: Primary teeth
B: Permanent teeth
C: Both have the same width
D: It varies with tooth type
Answer: A: Primary teeth
149. Histological Appearance of Enamel Rods
How do enamel rods in primary teeth compare to those in permanent teeth?
A: Primary teeth have less organized enamel rods
B: Permanent teeth have less organized enamel rods
C: Both have equally organized enamel rods
D: Enamel rod organization is identical
Answer: A: Primary teeth have less organized enamel rods
150. Dentin Hardness
Which teeth have harder dentin?
A: Primary teeth
B: Permanent teeth
C: Both have the same hardness
D: Hardness varies with age
Answer: B: Permanent teeth
151. Primary Function of Junctional Epithelium
What is the primary function of the junctional epithelium in periodontal health?
A: To produce saliva
B: To attach the gingiva to the tooth
C: To provide nutrients to the tooth
D: To secrete enzymes for digestion
Answer: B: To attach the gingiva to the tooth
152. Cell Turnover Rate
What is the approximate cell turnover rate of the junctional epithelium?
A: 10-14 days
B: 1-3 days
C: 7-10 days
D: 14-21 days
Answer: B: 1-3 days
153. Attachment Mechanism
Through what mechanism does the junctional epithelium attach to the tooth surface?
A: Desmosomes
B: Hemidesmosomes
C: Gap junctions
D: Tight junctions
Answer: B: Hemidesmosomes
154. Permeability of Junctional Epithelium
Why is the junctional epithelium considered highly permeable?
A: Presence of large intercellular spaces
B: Thickened basal lamina
C: High keratinization
D: Dense collagen fibers
Answer: A: Presence of large intercellular spaces
155. Source of Junctional Epithelium
From which cells is the junctional epithelium derived?
A: Oral epithelium cells
B: Gingival fibroblasts
C: Reduced enamel epithelium
D: Periodontal ligament cells
Answer: C: Reduced enamel epithelium
156. Antimicrobial Defense
What role does the junctional epithelium play in antimicrobial defense?
A: Secretes lysozyme
B: Acts as a physical barrier
C: Produces immunoglobulins
D: Triggers inflammatory response
Answer: B: Acts as a physical barrier
157. Migration During Periodontal Disease
What happens to the junctional epithelium during the progression of periodontal disease?
A: It proliferates rapidly
B: It migrates apically
C: It thickens significantly
D: It becomes highly keratinized
Answer: B: It migrates apically
158. Cell Types in Junctional Epithelium
Which cell type is predominantly found in the junctional epithelium?
A: Keratinocytes
B: Fibroblasts
C: Melanocytes
D: Epithelial cells
Answer: D: Epithelial cells
159. Junctional Epithelium Regeneration
How does the junctional epithelium regenerate following periodontal therapy?
A: Through migration of oral epithelial cells
B: By proliferation of connective tissue cells
C: By differentiation of periodontal ligament cells
D: Through the formation of a new attachment apparatus
Answer: A: Through migration of oral epithelial cells
160. Clinical Significance of Junctional Epithelium
What is the clinical significance of maintaining the integrity of the junctional epithelium?
A: Preventing tooth mobility
B: Enhancing aesthetic appearance
C: Protecting against periodontal pathogens
D: Increasing tooth longevity
Answer: C: Protecting against periodontal pathogens
161. Initial Lesion in Dental Caries
What is the first microscopic sign of dental caries?
A: Cavitation of enamel
B: Subsurface demineralization
C: Dentinal tubule infection
D: Pulpal inflammation
Answer: B: Subsurface demineralization
162. Bacterial Invasion
Which type of bacteria primarily initiates dental caries?
A: Lactobacilli
B: Actinomyces
C: Streptococcus mutans
D: Porphyromonas gingivalis
Answer: C: Streptococcus mutans
163. Histological Change in Advanced Caries
What histological change is observed in advanced dental caries?
A: Necrosis of pulp tissue
B: Hyperplasia of enamel cells
C: Sclerosis of dentinal tubules
D: Expansion of enamel rods
Answer: A: Necrosis of pulp tissue
164. Caries Progression in Dentin
How does dental caries progress through dentin?
A: Along the enamel-dentin junction
B: Through the dentinal tubules
C: By spreading laterally under the enamel
D: By following the pulp chamber
Answer: B: Through the dentinal tubules
165. Response of Pulp Tissue
What is the initial response of pulp tissue to caries infection?
A: Hyperemia
B: Calcification
C: Fibrosis
D: Inflammation
Answer: D: Inflammation
166. Enamel Caries Histopathology
What is a key histopathological feature of enamel caries?
A: Enamel rod decalcification
B: Collagen breakdown
C: Hyperplasia of ameloblasts
D: Formation of enamel spindles
Answer: A: Enamel rod decalcification
167. Caries Detection Methods
Which method is most effective for detecting early carious lesions histopathologically?
A: Radiographic examination
B: Clinical inspection
C: Polarized light microscopy
D: Visual-tactile examination
Answer: C: Polarized light microscopy
168. Role of Saliva in Caries Prevention
How does saliva contribute to the prevention of dental caries?
A: By buffering acids
B: By increasing acidity
C: By inhibiting enamel formation
D: By removing fluoride
Answer: A: By buffering acids
169. Lesion Extension in Root Caries
How do root caries lesions typically extend?
A: Through the cementum
B: Along the periodontal ligament
C: Through the dentin
D: Into the alveolar bone
Answer: A: Through the cementum
170. Caries-Associated Immune Response
What immune response is associated with the histopathology of dental caries?
A: Increased neutrophil activity
B: Activation of T-lymphocytes
C: Antibody production by plasma cells
D: Mast cell degranulation
Answer: C: Antibody production by plasma cells
171. Initial Cellular Response
Which cell type is first to respond during periodontal inflammation?
A: Neutrophils
B: Macrophages
C: Lymphocytes
D: Mast cells
Answer: A: Neutrophils
172. Cytokine Role
What role do cytokines play in periodontal inflammation?
A: They act as antioxidants
B: They mediate cellular communication
C: They inhibit immune response
D: They promote tissue regeneration
Answer: B: They mediate cellular communication
173. Inflammatory Mediators
Which inflammatory mediator is primarily involved in periodontitis?
A: Histamine
B: Prostaglandins
C: Serotonin
D: Bradykinin
Answer: B: Prostaglandins
174. Tissue Destruction Mechanism
What mechanism primarily causes tissue destruction in periodontitis?
A: Bacterial enzymatic activity
B: Host inflammatory response
C: Acid production by bacteria
D: Mechanical wear
Answer: B: Host inflammatory response
175. Periodontal Ligament Changes
What histological changes are observed in the periodontal ligament during inflammation?
A: Increased collagen synthesis
B: Decreased vascularity
C: Collagen breakdown and fibroblast proliferation
D: Formation of new bone
Answer: C: Collagen breakdown and fibroblast proliferation
176. Bone Resorption Factor
Which factor is crucial for bone resorption in periodontal disease?
A: Calcitonin
B: Osteoprotegerin
C: RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand)
D: Osteocalcin
Answer: C: RANKL (Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand)
177. Chronic Periodontitis Characteristic
What is a histological characteristic of chronic periodontitis?
A: Acute inflammatory infiltrate
B: Granulation tissue formation
C: Gingival hyperplasia
D: Extensive fibrosis
Answer: B: Granulation tissue formation
178. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
What is the role of matrix metalloproteinases in periodontal disease?
A: Inhibiting bacterial growth
B: Degrading extracellular matrix components
C: Enhancing tissue repair
D: Promoting collagen synthesis
Answer: B: Degrading extracellular matrix components
179. Microbial Biofilm Formation
How do microbial biofilms contribute to periodontal disease?
A: By promoting tooth remineralization
B: By facilitating immune evasion and persistence of pathogens
C: By increasing saliva production
D: By enhancing tissue repair
Answer: B: By facilitating immune evasion and persistence of pathogens
180. Periodontal Pocket Development
What histopathological feature is indicative of periodontal pocket development?
A: Hyperplasia of junctional epithelium
B: Apical migration of junctional epithelium
C: Increased thickness of oral epithelium
D: Formation of cementum spurs
Answer: B: Apical migration of junctional epithelium
181. Cartilage Type in TMJ
What type of cartilage is found in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
A: Hyaline cartilage
B: Elastic cartilage
C: Fibrocartilage
D: Articular cartilage
Answer: C: Fibrocartilage
182. Disc Composition
What is the primary composition of the TMJ articular disc?
A: Dense fibrous connective tissue
B: Loose connective tissue
C: Adipose tissue
D: Elastic tissue
Answer: A: Dense fibrous connective tissue
183. Synovial Fluid Function
What is the function of synovial fluid in the TMJ?
A: To provide nutrition to the disc
B: To act as a shock absorber
C: To lubricate the joint surfaces
D: To support joint stability
Answer: C: To lubricate the joint surfaces
184. Vascular Supply to TMJ
Which artery primarily supplies blood to the TMJ?
A: Facial artery
B: Maxillary artery
C: Superficial temporal artery
D: Lingual artery
Answer: B: Maxillary artery
185. Innervation of TMJ
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the TMJ?
A: Facial nerve
B: Trigeminal nerve
C: Glossopharyngeal nerve
D: Vagus nerve
Answer: B: Trigeminal nerve
186. Histological Layers of TMJ Disc
Which histological layers are present in the TMJ articular disc?
A: Fibrous, proliferative, and calcified layers
B: Superficial, intermediate, and deep layers
C: Articular, proliferative, and hypertrophic layers
D: Lamina propria, submucosa, and muscularis
Answer: B: Superficial, intermediate, and deep layers
187. Cell Types in TMJ Disc
Which cell type is most abundant in the TMJ disc?
A: Chondrocytes
B: Fibroblasts
C: Osteoblasts
D: Adipocytes
Answer: B: Fibroblasts
188. TMJ Ligaments Function
What is the primary function of the ligaments associated with the TMJ?
A: To produce synovial fluid
B: To facilitate joint movement
C: To stabilize the joint
D: To provide sensory feedback
Answer: C: To stabilize the joint
189. Histopathological Changes in TMJ Disorders
What histopathological change is commonly seen in temporomandibular joint disorders?
A: Increased chondrocyte proliferation
B: Synovial membrane hyperplasia
C: Formation of osteophytes
D: Cartilage hypertrophy
Answer: C: Formation of osteophytes
190. Role of Condyle in TMJ
What is the function of the condyle in the temporomandibular joint?
A: To act as a cushion
B: To articulate with the temporal bone
C: To produce synovial fluid
D: To anchor muscles of mastication
Answer: B: To articulate with the temporal bone
191. Main Fiber Type in Oral Connective Tissue
What is the predominant type of fiber found in the connective tissue of the oral cavity?
A: Elastic fibers
B: Collagen fibers
C: Reticular fibers
D: Muscle fibers
Answer: B: Collagen fibers
192. Ground Substance Composition
What is the primary component of the ground substance in oral connective tissue?
A: Hyaluronic acid
B: Keratin
C: Hydroxyapatite
D: Melanin
Answer: A: Hyaluronic acid
193. Function of Fibroblasts
What is the main function of fibroblasts in oral connective tissue?
A: Secretion of collagen and extracellular matrix components
B: Phagocytosis of bacteria
C: Transmission of nerve impulses
D: Storage of fat
Answer: A: Secretion of collagen and extracellular matrix components
194. Role of Proteoglycans
What role do proteoglycans play in the connective tissue of the oral cavity?
A: Providing structural support
B: Acting as enzymes
C: Facilitating cell signaling
D: Contributing to tissue hydration and resilience
Answer: D: Contributing to tissue hydration and resilience
195. Vascular Supply in Oral Connective Tissue
Which vascular structure predominantly supplies blood to the connective tissues of the oral cavity?
A: Arterioles
B: Venules
C: Capillaries
D: Lymphatic vessels
Answer: C: Capillaries
196. Cell Types in Gingival Connective Tissue
Which cell type is primarily responsible for immune response in gingival connective tissue?
A: Fibroblasts
B: Macrophages
C: Adipocytes
D: Osteoblasts
Answer: B: Macrophages
197. Collagen Synthesis Site
Where does collagen synthesis occur in connective tissue cells?
A: Golgi apparatus
B: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C: Mitochondria
D: Lysosomes
Answer: B: Rough endoplasmic reticulum
198. Elastic Fiber Function
What is the function of elastic fibers in the oral connective tissue?
A: Providing tensile strength
B: Allowing flexibility and elasticity
C: Forming a supportive framework
D: Transporting nutrients
Answer: B: Allowing flexibility and elasticity
199. Connective Tissue Remodeling
Which enzyme is primarily involved in the remodeling of connective tissue in the oral cavity?
A: Amylase
B: Collagenase
C: Lipase
D: Pepsin
Answer: B: Collagenase
200. Histological Appearance of Oral Connective Tissue
What histological feature is characteristic of healthy oral connective tissue?
A: Dense cellular infiltrate
B: Organized collagen fibers
C: Extensive necrosis
D: High lipid content
Answer: B: Organized collagen fibers
201. Predominant Cell Type in Gingival Crevicular Fluid
Which cell type predominates in gingival crevicular fluid during inflammation?
A: T lymphocytes
B: B lymphocytes
C: Neutrophils
D: Eosinophils
Answer: C: Neutrophils
202. Role of Macrophages in Gingival Crevicular Fluid
What is the primary role of macrophages in gingival crevicular fluid?
A: Antibody production
B: Phagocytosis and antigen presentation
C: Collagen synthesis
D: Enamel mineralization
Answer: B: Phagocytosis and antigen presentation
203. Presence of Plasma Cells
In which condition are plasma cells most frequently found in gingival crevicular fluid?
A: Healthy gingiva
B: Early gingivitis
C: Chronic periodontitis
D: Oral cancer
Answer: C: Chronic periodontitis
204. Cytokine Production
Which cell type is primarily responsible for cytokine production in gingival crevicular fluid?
A: Erythrocytes
B: Keratinocytes
C: Lymphocytes
D: Odontoblasts
Answer: C: Lymphocytes
205. Migration Pathway of Neutrophils
Through which pathway do neutrophils primarily migrate into gingival crevicular fluid?
A: Lymphatic vessels
B: Blood capillaries
C: Intercellular junctions of the junctional epithelium
D: Salivary ducts
Answer: C: Intercellular junctions of the junctional epithelium
206. Source of Matrix Metalloproteinases
Which cells are the primary source of matrix metalloproteinases in gingival crevicular fluid?
A: Fibroblasts
B: Neutrophils
C: Melanocytes
D: Endothelial cells
Answer: B: Neutrophils
207. Antimicrobial Peptides
Which cell type in gingival crevicular fluid produces antimicrobial peptides like defensins?
A: Macrophages
B: Neutrophils
C: Lymphocytes
D: Osteoblasts
Answer: B: Neutrophils
208. Apoptotic Cells in Gingival Crevicular Fluid
Which process is most likely responsible for the presence of apoptotic cells in gingival crevicular fluid?
A: Necrosis
B: Autophagy
C: Inflammatory response
D: Cellular senescence
Answer: C: Inflammatory response
209. Cell Surface Markers
Which cell surface marker is typically found on lymphocytes in gingival crevicular fluid?
A: CD14
B: CD34
C: CD3
D: CD68
Answer: C: CD3
210. Chemotactic Factors
Which chemotactic factor primarily attracts neutrophils to the gingival crevicular fluid?
A: Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
B: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)
C: Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
D: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
Answer: C: Interleukin-8 (IL-8)
211. Initial Histological Change in Gingivitis
What is the initial histological change observed in gingivitis?
A: Collagen degradation
B: Junctional epithelium proliferation
C: Apical migration of the epithelial attachment
D: Infiltration of neutrophils
Answer: D: Infiltration of neutrophils
212. Predominant Inflammatory Cell in Chronic Periodontitis
Which cell type predominates in chronic periodontitis?
A: Neutrophils
B: Macrophages
C: Plasma cells
D: Eosinophils
Answer: C: Plasma cells
213. Histological Feature of Established Gingivitis
Which histological feature is characteristic of established gingivitis?
A: Bone resorption
B: Epithelial attachment loss
C: Dense lymphocytic infiltrate
D: Formation of periodontal pockets
Answer: C: Dense lymphocytic infiltrate
214. Apical Migration in Periodontitis
What histological event signifies the transition from gingivitis to periodontitis?
A: Apical migration of the junctional epithelium
B: Increased vascularity
C: Loss of connective tissue attachment
D: Hyperkeratosis
Answer: A: Apical migration of the junctional epithelium
215. Histological Changes in Advanced Periodontitis
Which of the following histological changes is seen in advanced periodontitis?
A: Formation of epithelial rete pegs
B: Alveolar bone loss
C: Hyperplasia of the junctional epithelium
D: Increased enamel thickness
Answer: B: Alveolar bone loss
216. Histopathological Marker of Periodontitis
Which histopathological marker is associated with periodontitis?
A: Increased number of Langerhans cells
B: Elevated levels of prostaglandin E2
C: Decreased collagen synthesis
D: Increased keratinization
Answer: B: Elevated levels of prostaglandin E2
217. Collagen Fiber Changes in Gingivitis
What happens to collagen fibers in the gingiva during gingivitis?
A: Increased synthesis
B: Decreased degradation
C: Fragmentation and degradation
D: Formation of new collagen bundles
Answer: C: Fragmentation and degradation
218. Histological Indicator of Healing Gingivitis
What histological change indicates healing in gingivitis?
A: Increased neutrophil count
B: Reformation of collagen fibers
C: Loss of rete pegs
D: Increased epithelial proliferation
Answer: B: Reformation of collagen fibers
219. Bacterial Invasion in Periodontitis
Which histological finding is indicative of bacterial invasion in periodontitis?
A: Subgingival calculus
B: Bacteria within connective tissue
C: Neutrophil presence in the junctional epithelium
D: Increased keratinization of the gingival epithelium
Answer: B: Bacteria within connective tissue
220. Inflammatory Mediators in Periodontitis
Which inflammatory mediator is most associated with bone resorption in periodontitis?
A: Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
B: Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
C: Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
D: Interleukin-12 (IL-12)
Answer: A: Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
221. Initial Phase of Oral Wound Healing
What is the first phase of oral wound healing?
A: Proliferative phase
B: Remodeling phase
C: Inflammatory phase
D: Epithelialization phase
Answer: C: Inflammatory phase
222. Role of Fibroblasts
What role do fibroblasts play in the proliferative phase of oral wound healing?
A: Collagen degradation
B: Epithelial proliferation
C: Collagen synthesis and wound contraction
D: Immune response
Answer: C: Collagen synthesis and wound contraction
223. Angiogenesis in Wound Healing
Which factor primarily stimulates angiogenesis during oral wound healing?
A: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)
B: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
C: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
D: Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
Answer: B: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
224. Remodeling Phase Characteristics
What characterizes the remodeling phase of oral wound healing?
A: Increased inflammatory cell infiltration
B: Collagen maturation and scar tissue formation
C: Rapid epithelial cell proliferation
D: Formation of granulation tissue
Answer: B: Collagen maturation and scar tissue formation
225. Keratinocyte Migration
During oral wound healing, from where do keratinocytes migrate to cover the wound?
A: Basal layer of the adjacent epithelium
B: Submucosal layer
C: Deep connective tissue
D: Surface of the wound
Answer: A: Basal layer of the adjacent epithelium
226. Granulation Tissue Composition
What is the primary composition of granulation tissue?
A: Mature collagen fibers
B: Newly formed capillaries and fibroblasts
C: Keratinocytes
D: Dendritic cells
Answer: B: Newly formed capillaries and fibroblasts
227. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases
What role do matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play in oral wound healing?
A: Promoting collagen synthesis
B: Degrading extracellular matrix components
C: Inhibiting inflammatory response
D: Stimulating epithelial proliferation
Answer: B: Degrading extracellular matrix components
228. Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-beta)
What is the function of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in wound healing?
A: Inhibiting fibroblast activity
B: Stimulating collagen deposition
C: Reducing inflammation
D: Decreasing angiogenesis
Answer: B: Stimulating collagen deposition
229. Role of Macrophages
What is the role of macrophages in the inflammatory phase of wound healing?
A: Epithelial cell proliferation
B: Phagocytosis and secretion of growth factors
C: Collagen fiber alignment
D: Formation of granulation tissue
Answer: B: Phagocytosis and secretion of growth factors
230. Fibronectin Function
What is the function of fibronectin in oral wound healing?
A: Structural support for collagen fibers
B: Enhancing keratinocyte migration and adhesion
C: Promoting inflammation
D: Inhibiting fibroblast activity
Answer: B: Enhancing keratinocyte migration and adhesion
231. Nuclear Features in Malignant Lesions
What histological nuclear feature is most indicative of malignant oral lesions?
A: Uniform nuclear size
B: Prominent nucleoli and irregular nuclear contours
C: Low nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
D: Minimal nuclear pleomorphism
Answer: B: Prominent nucleoli and irregular nuclear contours
232. Cellular Architecture in Benign Lesions
Which histological feature is typical of benign oral lesions?
A: Invasion into adjacent tissues
B: Well-defined borders and organized cell structure
C: High mitotic activity
D: Anaplasia
Answer: B: Well-defined borders and organized cell structure
233. Histological Indicator of Malignancy
Which histological indicator suggests malignancy in an oral lesion?
A: Hyperkeratosis
B: Regular mitotic figures
C: Infiltration into the basement membrane
D: Uniform cell morphology
Answer: C: Infiltration into the basement membrane
234. Angiogenesis in Malignant Lesions
What role does angiogenesis play in malignant oral lesions?
A: It is minimal or absent
B: It supports tumor growth and metastasis
C: It occurs only in the early stages
D: It decreases the risk of metastasis
Answer: B: It supports tumor growth and metastasis
235. Inflammatory Response in Benign Lesions
How does the inflammatory response typically present in benign oral lesions?
A: Extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells
B: Minimal or absent inflammatory response
C: Chronic inflammation with fibrosis
D: Acute inflammation with pus formation
Answer: B: Minimal or absent inflammatory response
236. Keratin Pearls
The presence of keratin pearls is most commonly associated with which type of lesion?
A: Benign fibroma
B: Malignant melanoma
C: Squamous cell carcinoma
D: Leukoplakia
Answer: C: Squamous cell carcinoma
237. Histopathological Feature of Dysplasia
Which histopathological feature is indicative of epithelial dysplasia in oral lesions?
A: Cellular atypia and loss of normal maturation pattern
B: Uniform cell size and shape
C: Smooth and regular epithelial surface
D: Normal mitotic rate
Answer: A: Cellular atypia and loss of normal maturation pattern
238. Mitosis in Malignant Lesions
What characterizes mitosis in malignant oral lesions?
A: Rare mitotic figures
B: Abnormal and numerous mitotic figures
C: Normal mitotic figures
D: Absent mitotic activity
Answer: B: Abnormal and numerous mitotic figures
239. Histological Staining for Malignancy
Which histological staining technique is often used to identify malignant cells?
A: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining
B: Gram staining
C: Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining
D: Alcian blue staining
Answer: A: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining
240. Fibrosis in Benign Lesions
What is the role of fibrosis in benign oral lesions?
A: Indicates aggressive behavior
B: Provides structural support and limits growth
C: Facilitates metastasis
D: Reduces blood supply to the lesion
Answer: B: Provides structural support and limits growth
241. Composition of Tonsillar Crypts
What is found within the crypts of the palatine tonsils?
A: Mucus and debris
B: Blood vessels and nerves
C: Salivary glands
D: Smooth muscle fibers
Answer: A: Mucus and debris
242. Role of MALT in Oral Immunity
What is the primary role of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the oral cavity?
A: Secretion of digestive enzymes
B: Production of saliva
C: Immune surveillance and response
D: Mechanical breakdown of food
Answer: C: Immune surveillance and response
243. Germinal Centers in Tonsils
What occurs in the germinal centers of tonsils?
A: Erythrocyte production
B: Antigen presentation and B cell proliferation
C: Enzyme secretion
D: Filtration of lymph
Answer: B: Antigen presentation and B cell proliferation
244. Lymphocyte Population in MALT
Which lymphocyte population is most abundant in MALT?
A: B cells
B: T cells
C: Natural killer cells
D: Dendritic cells
Answer: A: B cells
245. Histological Feature of Pharyngeal Tonsils
What is a distinctive histological feature of the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)?
A: Presence of stratified squamous epithelium
B: Presence of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
C: Lack of lymphoid follicles
D: Extensive keratinization
Answer: B: Presence of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
246. Tonsillar Hypertrophy
Which condition is associated with tonsillar hypertrophy?
A: Decreased immune response
B: Obstructive sleep apnea
C: Reduced salivary secretion
D: Increased blood flow
Answer: B: Obstructive sleep apnea
247. Antigen Transport in MALT
Which cells in MALT are primarily responsible for transporting antigens to immune cells?
A: Goblet cells
B: M cells (microfold cells)
C: Parietal cells
D: Chief cells
Answer: B: M cells (microfold cells)
248. Histological Appearance of Lingual Tonsils
How do lingual tonsils differ histologically from palatine tonsils?
A: Lingual tonsils have fewer crypts and more diffuse lymphoid tissue
B: Lingual tonsils have more keratinized epithelium
C: Lingual tonsils have deeper crypts and more lymphoid follicles
D: Lingual tonsils lack germinal centers
Answer: A: Lingual tonsils have fewer crypts and more diffuse lymphoid tissue
249. Follicular Dendritic Cells
What is the role of follicular dendritic cells in the tonsils?
A: Phagocytosis of pathogens
B: Presentation of antigens to T cells
C: Maintenance of germinal centers
D: Secretion of antibodies
Answer: C: Maintenance of germinal centers
250. Immunoglobulin Production
Which immunoglobulin is predominantly produced in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue of the oral cavity?
A: IgG
B: IgA
C: IgM
D: IgE
Answer: B: IgA
251. Type of Glands in Oral Submucosa
Which type of gland is predominantly found in the oral submucosa?
A: Sebaceous glands
B: Brunner’s glands
C: Seromucous glands
D: Meibomian glands
Answer: C: Seromucous glands
252. Collagen Type in Connective Tissue
What type of collagen is most abundant in the connective tissue of the oral submucosa?
A: Type I collagen
B: Type II collagen
C: Type III collagen
D: Type IV collagen
Answer: A: Type I collagen
253. Fibroblast Function in Oral Submucosa
What is the primary function of fibroblasts in the oral submucosa?
A: Secretion of digestive enzymes
B: Production of collagen fibers
C: Synthesis of melanin
D: Formation of keratin
Answer: B: Production of collagen fibers
254. Major Component of Ground Substance
Which of the following is the major component of the ground substance in the oral submucosa?
A: Hyaluronic acid
B: Chondroitin sulfate
C: Keratan sulfate
D: Dermatan sulfate
Answer: A: Hyaluronic acid
255. Nerve Supply to Oral Submucosa
Which nerve fiber type predominantly innervates the oral submucosa?
A: A-alpha fibers
B: A-beta fibers
C: A-delta fibers
D: C fibers
Answer: D: C fibers
256. Elastic Fiber Presence
In which layer of the oral submucosa are elastic fibers most densely located?
A: Papillary layer
B: Reticular layer
C: Basal layer
D: Granular layer
Answer: B: Reticular layer
257. Role of Myoepithelial Cells
What is the role of myoepithelial cells in the oral submucosa glands?
A: Secretion of mucus
B: Contraction to expel glandular secretions
C: Production of enzymes
D: Absorption of nutrients
Answer: B: Contraction to expel glandular secretions
258. Adipose Tissue in Oral Submucosa
Which statement best describes the distribution of adipose tissue in the oral submucosa?
A: Abundant throughout the entire submucosa
B: Present only in specific regions such as the soft palate and floor of the mouth
C: Completely absent
D: Evenly distributed across all areas
Answer: B: Present only in specific regions such as the soft palate and floor of the mouth
259. Lymphatic Drainage
Which lymphatic structures are primarily involved in draining the oral submucosa?
A: Axillary lymph nodes
B: Submandibular lymph nodes
C: Inguinal lymph nodes
D: Mesenteric lymph nodes
Answer: B: Submandibular lymph nodes
260. Blood Supply to Oral Submucosa
Which artery predominantly supplies blood to the oral submucosa?
A: Carotid artery
B: Facial artery
C: Maxillary artery
D: Subclavian artery
Answer: C: Maxillary artery
261. Common Stain for Oral Tissues
Which staining technique is commonly used to highlight oral epithelial cells?
A: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
B: Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
C: Masson’s trichrome
D: Alcian blue
Answer: A: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
262. Identification of Glycogen
Which stain is most effective for identifying glycogen in oral tissues?
A: Sudan III
B: Alcian blue
C: Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
D: Silver stain
Answer: C: Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
263. Immunohistochemistry Markers
Which marker is commonly used in immunohistochemistry to identify epithelial cells in the oral cavity?
A: Vimentin
B: Cytokeratin
C: Desmin
D: GFAP
Answer: B: Cytokeratin
264. Electron Microscopy Application
What is the primary advantage of using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in oral pathology?
A: Visualization of three-dimensional structures
B: High-resolution imaging of cellular ultrastructure
C: Identification of specific proteins
D: Detection of chemical elements
Answer: B: High-resolution imaging of cellular ultrastructure
265. Staining for Collagen Fibers
Which staining method is best for visualizing collagen fibers in oral connective tissues?
A: Silver stain
B: Alcian blue
C: Masson’s trichrome
D: Hematoxylin and eosin
Answer: C: Masson’s trichrome
266. Detecting Acidic Mucopolysaccharides
Which stain is used to detect acidic mucopolysaccharides in oral tissues?
A: Alcian blue
B: Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
C: Hematoxylin and eosin
D: Masson’s trichrome
Answer: A: Alcian blue
267. Fluorescence Microscopy Application
What is the primary application of fluorescence microscopy in oral pathology?
A: Detection of enzyme activity
B: Localization of specific proteins using fluorescent markers
C: Visualization of bone structure
D: Identification of bacterial colonies
Answer: B: Localization of specific proteins using fluorescent markers
268. Histological Feature of Dysplasia
Which histological feature is indicative of dysplasia in oral mucosal tissues?
A: Uniform cell size and shape
B: Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
C: Presence of adipocytes
D: Absence of mitotic figures
Answer: B: Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
269. Frozen Section Technique
What is the main advantage of using the frozen section technique in oral pathology?
A: Enhanced staining quality
B: Rapid diagnosis during surgical procedures
C: Improved resolution
D: Long-term preservation
Answer: B: Rapid diagnosis during surgical procedures
270. Histochemical Staining for Lipids
Which stain is used for identifying lipids in oral tissue sections?
A: Hematoxylin and eosin
B: Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
C: Oil Red O
D: Alcian blue
Answer: C: Oil Red O
271. Histological Feature of Oral Lichen Planus
What histological feature is characteristic of oral lichen planus?
A: Hyperkeratosis and saw-tooth rete ridges
B: Atrophy of the epithelium
C: Absence of inflammatory infiltrate
D: Presence of multinucleated giant cells
Answer: A: Hyperkeratosis and saw-tooth rete ridges
272. Histological Appearance of Oral Candidiasis
Which feature is typically observed in histological sections of oral candidiasis?
A: Presence of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia
B: Hyphae penetrating the superficial epithelium
C: Increased melanocyte activity
D: Absence of inflammatory response
Answer: B: Hyphae penetrating the superficial epithelium
273. Histological Characteristic of Pemphigus Vulgaris
What is a histological characteristic of pemphigus vulgaris in the oral mucosa?
A: Subepithelial clefting
B: Suprabasal acantholysis
C: Parakeratosis
D: Melanin incontinence
Answer: B: Suprabasal acantholysis
274. Histological Feature of Leukoplakia
Which histological feature is indicative of leukoplakia?
A: Epithelial dysplasia
B: Lymphocytic infiltration
C: Basal cell hyperplasia
D: Thickened basement membrane
Answer: A: Epithelial dysplasia
275. Histopathology of Erythroplakia
What is a common histopathological finding in erythroplakia?
A: Squamous cell carcinoma
B: Hyperplasia without dysplasia
C: Lichenification
D: Psoriasiform hyperplasia
Answer: A: Squamous cell carcinoma
276. Characteristic of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
What histological feature is characteristic of oral squamous cell carcinoma?
A: Invasion of malignant squamous cells into connective tissue
B: Presence of granular cell layer
C: Thickened stratum corneum
D: Absence of mitotic figures
Answer: A: Invasion of malignant squamous cells into connective tissue
277. Histological Appearance of Oral Fibroma
Which histological feature is seen in an oral fibroma?
A: Dense collagenous stroma
B: Granulomatous inflammation
C: Epithelial proliferation
D: Presence of myxoid stroma
Answer: A: Dense collagenous stroma
278. Histology of Geographic Tongue
What histological feature is associated with geographic tongue?
A: Parakeratosis and Munro microabscesses
B: Hyperplasia of rete ridges
C: Granulomatous inflammation
D: Lymphocytic infiltration
Answer: A: Parakeratosis and Munro microabscesses
279. Histopathology of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
What is a characteristic histopathological feature of oral hairy leukoplakia?
A: Presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in epithelial cells
B: Subepithelial clefting
C: Lichenification
D: Psoriasiform hyperplasia
Answer: A: Presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in epithelial cells
280. Histological Finding in Oral Melanoma
What is a typical histological finding in oral melanoma?
A: Atypical melanocytes within the epithelium
B: Hyperplasia of sebaceous glands
C: Presence of lymphoid follicles
D: Psoriasiform hyperplasia
Answer: A: Atypical melanocytes within the epithelium
281. Epithelial Type in Soft Palate
What type of epithelium predominantly lines the soft palate?
A: Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
B: Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
C: Simple columnar epithelium
D: Transitional epithelium
Answer: A: Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
282. Glandular Distribution in Palates
Which type of glands are more abundant in the soft palate compared to the hard palate?
A: Serous glands
B: Mucous glands
C: Sebaceous glands
D: Meibomian glands
Answer: B: Mucous glands
283. Submucosal Layer in Hard Palate
Which feature characterizes the submucosal layer of the hard palate?
A: Dense fibrous connective tissue
B: Adipose tissue
C: Loose connective tissue
D: Absence of submucosal layer
Answer: A: Dense fibrous connective tissue
284. Bone Presence
Which palate contains bone as a structural component?
A: Soft palate
B: Hard palate
C: Both soft and hard palate
D: Neither soft nor hard palate
Answer: B: Hard palate
285. Papillae Distribution
Which type of papillae are found in the hard palate but not in the soft palate?
A: Filiform papillae
B: Fungiform papillae
C: Circumvallate papillae
D: Rugae
Answer: D: Rugae
286. Vascularization
How does the vascularization of the soft palate compare to the hard palate?
A: The soft palate is more vascularized
B: The hard palate is more vascularized
C: Both are equally vascularized
D: Neither has significant vascularization
Answer: A: The soft palate is more vascularized
287. Innervation Differences
Which nerve predominantly innervates the soft palate?
A: Trigeminal nerve
B: Facial nerve
C: Glossopharyngeal nerve
D: Vagus nerve
Answer: D: Vagus nerve
288. Muscular Composition
What is the primary muscle type found in the soft palate?
A: Skeletal muscle
B: Smooth muscle
C: Cardiac muscle
D: Myoepithelial cells
Answer: A: Skeletal muscle
289. Histological Feature of Hard Palate
What is a distinctive histological feature of the hard palate?
A: Presence of rugae
B: Presence of taste buds
C: Absence of bone
D: Thick muscular layer
Answer: A: Presence of rugae
290. Comparison of Lamina Propria
How does the lamina propria of the soft palate differ from that of the hard palate?
A: The soft palate has more elastic fibers
B: The hard palate has more elastic fibers
C: Both have equal amounts of elastic fibers
D: Neither contains elastic fibers
Answer: A: The soft palate has more elastic fibers
291. Predominant Cell Type
What is the predominant cell type in the dental pulp?
A: Odontoblasts
B: Fibroblasts
C: Macrophages
D: Plasma cells
Answer: B: Fibroblasts
292. Function of Odontoblasts
What is the primary function of odontoblasts in the dental pulp?
A: Producing dentin
B: Forming enamel
C: Synthesizing collagen
D: Absorbing nutrients
Answer: A: Producing dentin
293. Extracellular Matrix Component
Which component is most abundant in the extracellular matrix of dental pulp?
A: Type I collagen
B: Elastin
C: Keratin
D: Chondroitin sulfate
Answer: A: Type I collagen
294. Vascular Supply to Dental Pulp
Which artery primarily supplies blood to the dental pulp?
A: Maxillary artery
B: Facial artery
C: Lingual artery
D: Carotid artery
Answer: A: Maxillary artery
295. Nerve Fibers in Dental Pulp
What type of nerve fibers are predominantly found in the dental pulp?
A: A-beta fibers
B: A-delta fibers
C: C fibers
D: B fibers
Answer: B: A-delta fibers
296. Pulpal Immune Cells
Which immune cell is most commonly found in the dental pulp?
A: Lymphocytes
B: Neutrophils
C: Macrophages
D: Eosinophils
Answer: C: Macrophages
297. Ground Substance in Dental Pulp
What is the primary component of the ground substance in dental pulp?
A: Hyaluronic acid
B: Keratan sulfate
C: Dermatan sulfate
D: Heparan sulfate
Answer: A: Hyaluronic acid
298. Cellular Component of Dental Pulp
Which cell type is involved in the defense mechanism of the dental pulp?
A: Fibroblasts
B: Odontoblasts
C: Dendritic cells
D: Erythrocytes
Answer: C: Dendritic cells
299. Innervation of Dental Pulp
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the dental pulp?
A: Facial nerve
B: Trigeminal nerve
C: Glossopharyngeal nerve
D: Vagus nerve
Answer: B: Trigeminal nerve
300. Histological Feature of Inflamed Pulp
What is a characteristic histological feature of inflamed dental pulp?
A: Increased collagen deposition
B: Presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
C: Reduced vascularization
D: Increased odontoblast activity
Answer: B: Presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
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